Systematic study of pre-equilibrium emission at low energies in 12C- and 16O-induced reactions

Abstract

Background: The role of pre-equilibrium emission within the heavy-ion fusion process has not been fully characterized. An accurate description of this process is important for understanding the formation of the compound nucleus in fusion reactions. Purpose: We develop a systematic description, based on experimental measurements, of the strength of the pre-equilibrium process in heavy-ion fusion reactions. Method: With a view to study pre-equilibrium emission process, the excitation functions for some neutron emission channels occurring in the fusion of 12C with 128Te and 169Tm, and of 16O with 159Tb, 169Tm, and 181Ta, respectively, have been measured at incident energies from near the Coulomb barrier to ≈7 MeV/nucleon. The off-line γ -ray spectrometry–based activation technique has been used for the measurements of excitation functions. The measured excitation functions have been compared with theoretical predictions based on pure statistical model code PACE4 and Geometry Dependent Hybrid (GDH)-based code ALICE-91. The strength of pre-equilibrium emission has also determined from comparison of the experimental excitation functions and the PACE4 calculations. Results: The measured excitation functions are satisfactorily reproduced by the PACE4 calculations in the energy region up to the peak position. However, at relatively higher energies, the enhancement of experimental cross sections in the tail portion of excitation functions as compared to the theoretical predictions of code PACE4 has been observed. The observed deviation may be attributed to the pre-equilibrium emission of particles during the thermalization of the compound nucleus. Further, ALICE-91 calculations which include PE emission satisfactorily reproduce the experimental data even at higher energies, indicating the significant contribution of pre-equilibrium emissions. Conclusions: Analysis of data clearly indicates that pre-equilibrium emission is an important reaction mechanism even at low projectile energies where the compound nucleus reaction mechanism dominates, and pre-equilibrium fraction ‘PF R strongly depends on excitation energy available for surface nucleons in composite systems above the Coulomb barrier and the mass of the composite system.