Highly sensitive non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor surpassing water oxidation interference

Abstract

In this article, we report the experimental and semi-analytical findings to elucidate the electrohydrodynamics (EHD) of a dielectric liquid droplet impact on superhydrophobic (SH) and hydrophilic surfaces. A wide range of Weber numbers (We) and electro-capillary numbers (Cae) are covered to explore the various regimes of droplet impact EHD. We show that for a fixed We ∼60, droplet rebound on a SH surface is suppressed with increase in electric field intensity (increase in Cae). At high Cae, instead of the usual uniform radial contraction, the droplets retract faster in an orthogonal direction to the electric field and spread along the direction of the electric field, inducing large electrical stresses at the liquid rim facing the electrodes. This prevents the accumulation of sufficient kinetic energy to achieve the droplet rebound phenomena. For certain values of We and Ohnesorge number (Oh), droplets exhibit somersault-like motion during rebound. Subsequently, we propose a semi-analytical model to explain the field induced rebound phenomenon on SH surfaces. Above a critical Cae ∼4.5, EHD instability causes a fingering pattern via evolution of a spire at the rim. Further, the spreading EHD on both hydrophilic and SH surfaces is discussed. On both wettability surfaces and for a fixed We, the spreading factor shows an increasing trend with increase in Cae. We have formulated an analytical model based on energy conservation to predict the maximum spreading diameter. The model predictions hold reasonably good agreement with the experimental observations. Finally, a phase map was developed to explain the post impact droplet dynamics on SH surfaces for a wide range of We and Cae.